1.查看当前DB环境

[oracle@db01 ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release 
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 7.9 (Maipo)
[oracle@db01 ~]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 13-SEP-2021 21:33:46

Copyright (c) 1991, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=db01)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Start Date                13-SEP-2021 21:33:43
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 3 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/db01/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=db01)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
The listener supports no services
The command completed successfully

[oracle@db01 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon Sep 13 21:31:54 2021
Version 19.11.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2020, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.
SQL>  show pdbs

    CON_ID CON_NAME                       OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
         2 PDB$SEED                       READ ONLY  NO
         3 HBHE                           READ WRITE NO

2 从MOS下载19.12 的RU 补丁

19.12 DB的RU 编号是：32904851，GI的RU编号是： 32895426。
p32904851_190000_Linux-x86-64.zip
p32895426_190000_Linux-x86-64.zip

3 开始安装RU补丁

3.1 查看OPatch版本

[oracle@db01 OPatch]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/OPatch
[oracle@db01 OPatch]$ ./opatch version
OPatch Version: 12.2.0.1.27

OPatch succeeded.

3.2 检查Patch是否冲突

[oracle@db01 tmp]$ cd /tmp/32904851/
[oracle@db01 32904851]$ $ORACLE_HOME/OPatch/opatch prereq CheckConflictAgainstOHWithDetail -ph ./
Oracle Interim Patch Installer version 12.2.0.1.27
Copyright (c) 2021, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

PREREQ session

Oracle Home       : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1
Central Inventory : /u01/app/oraInventory
   from           : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/oraInst.loc
OPatch version    : 12.2.0.1.27
OUI version       : 12.2.0.7.0
Log file location : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/cfgtoollogs/opatch/opatch2021-09-13_21-49-13PM_1.log

Invoking prereq "checkconflictagainstohwithdetail"

Prereq "checkConflictAgainstOHWithDetail" passed.

OPatch succeeded.

3.3 应用patch

如果是物理DG，那么主备库都需要安装Patch，可以先在备库安装，再安装主库，操作步骤可以参考：Document 278641.1。
对于RAC 环境，可以使用OPatch rolling 方式来安装，这样没有停机时间，具体操作可以参考：Document 244241.1。
对于单实例，必须关闭待升级ORACLE HOME关联的所有实例和监听，并且包括退出所有的sqlplus窗口。
关闭实例和监听，并退出sqlplus。

[oracle@db01 OPatch]$ lsnrctl stop

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 13-SEP-2021 21:52:15

Copyright (c) 1991, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=db01)(PORT=1521)))
The command completed successfully
SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.


[oracle@db01 OPatch]$ cd /tmp/32904851/
[oracle@db01 32904851]$ clear
[oracle@db01 32904851]$ cd /tmp/32904851/
[oracle@db01 32904851]$ $ORACLE_HOME/OPatch/opatch apply
Oracle Interim Patch Installer version 12.2.0.1.27
Copyright (c) 2021, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.


Oracle Home       : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1
Central Inventory : /u01/app/oraInventory
   from           : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/oraInst.loc
OPatch version    : 12.2.0.1.27
OUI version       : 12.2.0.7.0
Log file location : /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/cfgtoollogs/opatch/opatch2021-09-13_21-53-57PM_1.log

Verifying environment and performing prerequisite checks...
OPatch continues with these patches:   32904851  

Do you want to proceed? [y|n]
y
User Responded with: Y
All checks passed.

Please shutdown Oracle instances running out of this ORACLE_HOME on the local system.
(Oracle Home = '/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1')


Is the local system ready for patching? [y|n]
y
User Responded with: Y
Backing up files...
Applying interim patch '32904851' to OH '/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1'
ApplySession: Optional component(s) [ oracle.network.gsm, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.ic, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.tg4db2, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.tfa, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.oid.client, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.network.cman, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.options.olap, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.options.olap.api, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.xdk.companion, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.tg4ifmx, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.ons.eons.bwcompat, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.tg4tera, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.ons.cclient, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.tg4sybs, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.net.cman, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.rdbms.tg4msql, 19.0.0.0.0 ] , [ oracle.jdk, 1.8.0.191.0 ]  not present in the Oracle Home or a higher version is found.

Patching component oracle.perlint, 5.28.1.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.locator, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.util, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.assistants.acf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.assistants.deconfig, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.assistants.server, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.buildtools.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ctx, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.dbjava.ic, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.dbjava.jdbc, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.dbjava.ucp, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.duma, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.javavm.client, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ldap.owm, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ldap.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.marvel, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.network.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.oracore.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.precomp.common.core, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.dbscripts, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.deconfig, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.oci, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rhp.db, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.sdo, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.sdo.locator.jrf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.sqlplus, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.sqlplus.ic, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.wwg.plsql, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.odbc, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.drdaas, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.xdk.parser.java, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.dbtoolslistener, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ctx.atg, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.javavm.server, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ldap.security.osdt, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.hs_common, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ons, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.precomp.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.oraolap.api, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ons.ic, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.install.common, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.xdk, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.dv, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ldap.rsf.ic, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.scheduler, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.lbac, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.nlsrtl.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.rman, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.oraolap, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.crs, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.dbdev, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.hsodbc, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.network.client, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.xdk.xquery, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ldap.client, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.install.plugins, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ctx.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.oraolap.dbscripts, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.xdk.rsf, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.network.listener, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.ovm, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.sdo.locator, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.mgw.common, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.rdbms.rsf.ic, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.precomp.common, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.precomp.lang, 19.0.0.0.0...

Patching component oracle.jdk, 1.8.0.201.0...
 Patch 32904851 successfully applied.
Sub-set patch [32545013] has become inactive due to the application of a super-set patch [32904851].
Please refer to Doc ID 2161861.1 for any possible further required actions.
Log file location: /u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/dbhome_1/cfgtoollogs/opatch/opatch2021-09-13_21-53-57PM_1.log

OPatch succeeded.

3.4 加载变化的SQL到数据库

安装补丁之后，还需要将有变化的SQL加载到数据库中，这里可以直接运行Datapatch工具将这些修改的SQL重新加载到数据库中，如果是RAC环境，只需要在一个节点执行就可以了。

[oracle@db01 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Mon Sep 13 22:06:18 2021
Version 19.12.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 2516581448 bytes
Fixed Size                  9141320 bytes
Variable Size            1140850688 bytes
Database Buffers         1358954496 bytes
Redo Buffers                7634944 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL>  alter pluggable database all open;

Pluggable database altered.

SQL> quit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.12.0.0.0
[oracle@db01 ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/OPatch
[oracle@db01 OPatch]$ ./datapatch -verbose
SQL Patching tool version 19.12.0.0.0 Production on Mon Sep 13 22:08:15 2021
Copyright (c) 2012, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Log file for this invocation: /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/sqlpatch/sqlpatch_7693_2021_09_13_22_08_15/sqlpatch_invocation.log

Connecting to database...OK
Gathering database info...done

Note:  Datapatch will only apply or rollback SQL fixes for PDBs
       that are in an open state, no patches will be applied to closed PDBs.
       Please refer to Note: Datapatch: Database 12c Post Patch SQL Automation
       (Doc ID 1585822.1)

Bootstrapping registry and package to current versions...done
Determining current state...done

Current state of interim SQL patches:
  No interim patches found

Current state of release update SQL patches:
  Binary registry:
    19.12.0.0.0 Release_Update 210716141810: Installed
  PDB CDB$ROOT:
    Applied 19.11.0.0.0 Release_Update 210413004009 successfully on 12-SEP-21 11.37.52.968251 PM
  PDB HBHE:
    Applied 19.11.0.0.0 Release_Update 210413004009 successfully on 12-SEP-21 11.38.15.078974 PM
  PDB PDB$SEED:
    Applied 19.11.0.0.0 Release_Update 210413004009 successfully on 12-SEP-21 11.38.03.894216 PM

Adding patches to installation queue and performing prereq checks...done
Installation queue:
  For the following PDBs: CDB$ROOT PDB$SEED HBHE
    No interim patches need to be rolled back
    Patch 32904851 (Database Release Update : 19.12.0.0.210720 (32904851)):
      Apply from 19.11.0.0.0 Release_Update 210413004009 to 19.12.0.0.0 Release_Update 210716141810
    No interim patches need to be applied

Installing patches...
    Patch installation complete.  Total patches installed: 3

Validating logfiles...done
Patch 32904851 apply (pdb CDB$ROOT): SUCCESS
  logfile: /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/sqlpatch/32904851/24343243/32904851_apply_ORCL_CDBROOT_2021Sep13_22_09_14.log (no errors)
Patch 32904851 apply (pdb PDB$SEED): SUCCESS
  logfile: /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/sqlpatch/32904851/24343243/32904851_apply_ORCL_PDBSEED_2021Sep13_22_11_44.log (no errors)
Patch 32904851 apply (pdb HBHE): SUCCESS
  logfile: /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/sqlpatch/32904851/24343243/32904851_apply_ORCL_HBHE_2021Sep13_22_11_44.log (no errors)
 SQL Patching tool complete on Mon Sep 13 22:13:19 2021

datapatch命令只对打开的数据库生效，所有Oracle建议在执行该命令之前将CDB和所有的PDB都打开，一次更新掉。 但如果有部分PDB没有打开，也可以在打开之后，重新运行datapatch命令并制定pdb实例名。

3.5 查看版本变化

SQL> col status for a10
SQL> col action for a10
SQL> col action_time for a30
SQL> col description for a60
SQL> select patch_id,patch_type,action,status,action_time,description from dba_registry_sqlpatch;

  PATCH_ID PATCH_TYPE                     ACTION     STATUS
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
ACTION_TIME
------------------------------
DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------
  29517242 RU                             APPLY      SUCCESS
12-SEP-21 06.02.25.516877 PM
Database Release Update : 19.3.0.0.190416 (29517242)

  32545013 RU                             APPLY      SUCCESS
12-SEP-21 11.37.52.968251 PM
Database Release Update : 19.11.0.0.210420 (32545013)

  PATCH_ID PATCH_TYPE                     ACTION     STATUS
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
ACTION_TIME
------------------------------
DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------

  32904851 RU                             APPLY      SUCCESS
13-SEP-21 10.13.12.651039 PM
Database Release Update : 19.12.0.0.210720 (32904851)

SQL> select ACTION_TIME,VERSION,COMMENTS from dba_registry_history;

ACTION_TIME
------------------------------
VERSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMENTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19
RDBMS_19.12.0.0.0DBRU_LINUX.X64_210715

12-SEP-21 06.02.15.886321 PM
19.0.0.0.0
Patch applied on 19.3.0.0.0: Release_Update - 190410122720

ACTION_TIME
------------------------------
VERSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMENTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12-SEP-21 11.24.41.101982 PM
19.0.0.0.0
Patch applied from 19.3.0.0.0 to 19.11.0.0.0: Release_Update - 210413004009

13-SEP-21 10.11.12.728617 PM
19.0.0.0.0

ACTION_TIME
------------------------------
VERSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMENTS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patch applied from 19.11.0.0.0 to 19.12.0.0.0: Release_Update - 210716141810

3.6 处理无效对象

最后一步就是处理无效对象，因为之前datapatch命令会加载SQL，这个过程可能会产生无效对象。 可以执行@utlrp.sql脚本处理这些无效对象。

SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/utlrp.sql

Session altered.


TIMESTAMP
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMP_TIMESTAMP UTLRP_BGN              2021-09-13 22:18:08

DOC>   The following PL/SQL block invokes UTL_RECOMP to recompile invalid
DOC>   objects in the database. Recompilation time is proportional to the
DOC>   number of invalid objects in the database, so this command may take
DOC>   a long time to execute on a database with a large number of invalid
DOC>   objects.
DOC>
DOC>   Use the following queries to track recompilation progress:
DOC>
DOC>   1. Query returning the number of invalid objects remaining. This
DOC>      number should decrease with time.
DOC>         SELECT COUNT(*) FROM obj$ WHERE status IN (4, 5, 6);
DOC>
DOC>   2. Query returning the number of objects compiled so far. This number
DOC>      should increase with time.
DOC>         SELECT COUNT(*) FROM UTL_RECOMP_COMPILED;
DOC>
DOC>   This script automatically chooses serial or parallel recompilation
DOC>   based on the number of CPUs available (parameter cpu_count) multiplied
DOC>   by the number of threads per CPU (parameter parallel_threads_per_cpu).
DOC>   On RAC, this number is added across all RAC nodes.
DOC>
DOC>   UTL_RECOMP uses DBMS_SCHEDULER to create jobs for parallel
DOC>   recompilation. Jobs are created without instance affinity so that they
DOC>   can migrate across RAC nodes. Use the following queries to verify
DOC>   whether UTL_RECOMP jobs are being created and run correctly:
DOC>
DOC>   1. Query showing jobs created by UTL_RECOMP
DOC>         SELECT job_name FROM dba_scheduler_jobs
DOC>            WHERE job_name like 'UTL_RECOMP_SLAVE_%';
DOC>
DOC>   2. Query showing UTL_RECOMP jobs that are running
DOC>         SELECT job_name FROM dba_scheduler_running_jobs
DOC>            WHERE job_name like 'UTL_RECOMP_SLAVE_%';
DOC>#

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


TIMESTAMP
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMP_TIMESTAMP UTLRP_END              2021-09-13 22:18:10

DOC> The following query reports the number of invalid objects.
DOC>
DOC> If the number is higher than expected, please examine the error
DOC> messages reported with each object (using SHOW ERRORS) to see if they
DOC> point to system misconfiguration or resource constraints that must be
DOC> fixed before attempting to recompile these objects.
DOC>#

OBJECTS WITH ERRORS
-------------------
                  0

DOC> The following query reports the number of exceptions caught during
DOC> recompilation. If this number is non-zero, please query the error
DOC> messages in the table UTL_RECOMP_ERRORS to see if any of these errors
DOC> are due to misconfiguration or resource constraints that must be
DOC> fixed before objects can compile successfully.
DOC> Note: Typical compilation errors (due to coding errors) are not
DOC>       logged into this table: they go into DBA_ERRORS instead.
DOC>#

ERRORS DURING RECOMPILATION
---------------------------
                          0


Function created.


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


Function dropped.


PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.