【数据库精品】Oracle Database 10g学习手册
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1 Introduction
Objectives 1-2
Course Objectives 1-3
Oracle Products 1-4
Relational Database Systems 1-5
How the Data Is Organized 1-6
Integrity Constraints 1-7
Structured Query Language 1-8
Tasks of an Oracle Database Administrator 1-9
Summary 1-10
2 Installing Oracle Database 10g Software
Objectives 2-2
System Requirements 2-3
Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 2-4
Using Optimal Flexible Architecture 2-5
Setting Environment Variables 2-7
Preinstallation Checks 2-9
Oracle Universal Installer 2-10
Inventory and UNIX Group Name 2-11
orainstRoot.sh 2-12
File Locations 2-14
Install Type 2-15
Prerequisite Checks 2-16
Starter Database 2-17
Configuration and Management 2-18
File Storage and Backup Recovery 2-19
Passwords and Summary 2-20
Installation 2-21
Configuration Assistants 2-22
Summary 2-24
Practice 2: Installing the Oracle Software 2-25
3 Creating an Oracle Database
Objectives 3-2
Database Architecture 3-3
Exploring the Storage Structure 3-4
Control Files 3-5
Redo Log Files 3-6
Tablespaces and Datafiles 3-7
Segments, Extents, and Blocks 3-8
i
Oracle Instance Management 3-9
Oracle Memory Structures 3-10
Oracle Processes 3-12
Data Dictionary 3-13
Database Control 3-14
Grid Control 3-15
Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) Overview 3-16
Creating a Database 3-17
Database Identification 3-18
Management Options 3-19
Passwords and Storage 3-20
File Locations and Backup Recovery 3-21
File Location Variables 3-22
Content and Initialization Parameters 3-23
Database Storage 3-25
Creation Options and Create 3-26
Other Actions with DBCA 3-27
Summary 3-28
Practice 3: Creating an Oracle Database 3-29
4 Database Interfaces
Objectives 4-2
What Is SQL? 4-3
Using SQL 4-4
Enterprise Manager: Seeing the SQL 4-5
What Is SQL*Plus? 4-6
What Is iSQL*Plus? 4-7
Using iSQL*Plus 4-9
Describing Data 4-10
Querying Data 4-11
Sorting the Data 4-12
Joining Tables 4-13
Manipulating Data 4-15
Defining Data 4-16
Overview of Transactions 4-17
Transaction Control Statements 4-18
Locking Data 4-19
Other Statement Categories 4-20
What Is PL/SQL? 4-21
Example PL/SQL Block 4-22
Uses of PL/SQL 4-23
What Is Java? 4-24
Oracle and Java 4-25
ii
What Is OCI? 4-26
Other APIs 4-27
Summary 4-29
Practice 4: Using SQL 4-30
5 Controlling the Database
Objectives 5-2
Starting and Stopping iSQL*Plus 5-3
Management Framework 5-4
Starting and Stopping Database Control 5-5
Accessing Database Control 5-6
SYSOPER and SYSDBA 5-7
Database Home Page 5-8
Changing the Listener Status 5-9
Startup and Shutdown 5-10
Starting Up a Database NOMOUNT 5-11
Starting Up a Database MOUNT 5-12
Starting Up a Database OPEN 5-13
Shutting Down the Database 5-14
SHUTDOWN Options 5-15
Initialization Parameter Files 5-18
Viewing Initialization Parameters 5-19
Viewing the Alert Log 5-20
Summary 5-21
Practice 5: Controlling the Database 5-22
6 Storage Structures
Objectives 6-2
Tablespaces and Data Files 6-3
Space Management in Tablespaces 6-4
Creating a New Tablespace 6-5
Storage for Locally Managed Tablespaces 6-7
Tablespaces in the Preconfigured Database 6-9
Altering a Tablespace 6-11
Actions with Tablespaces 6-13
Dropping Tablespaces 6-15
Viewing Tablespace Information 6-16
Summary 6-17
Practice 6: Working with Tablespaces 6-18
iii
7 Administering Users
Objectives 7-2
Database User Accounts 7-3
Creating a User 7-4
Profiles and Users 7-5
Authenticating Users 7-7
Default and Temporary Tablespaces and Locking 7-9
Database Users and Schemas 7-10
Checklist for Creating Users 7-11
Privileges 7-12
System Privileges 7-13
Object Privileges 7-15
Assigning Quota to Users 7-16
Assigning Roles to Users 7-17
Roles 7-18
Benefits of Roles 7-19
Predefined Roles 7-20
Secure Roles 7-21
Summary 7-22
Practice 7: Administering Users 7-23
8 Managing Schema Objects
Objectives 8-2
What Is a Schema? 8-3
Schemas 8-4
Accessing Schema Objects 8-6
Naming Database Objects 8-7
Schema Object Namespaces 8-9
Specifying Data Types in Tables 8-10
Other Data Types 8-11
Creating and Modifying Tables 8-13
Understanding Data Integrity 8-15
Defining Constraints 8-17
Viewing the Attributes of a Table 8-18
Viewing the Contents of a Table 8-19
Actions with Tables 8-20
Creating Indexes 8-22
What Is a View? 8-23
Creating Views 8-24
iv
What Is a Sequence? 8-25
Using a Sequence 8-27
Summary 8-28
Practice 8: Working with Tables 8-29
9 Managing Data
Objectives 9-2
Manipulating Data Through SQL 9-3
The INSERT Command 9-4
The UPDATE Command 9-5
The DELETE Command 9-6
The COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands 9-7
Integrity Constraints and DML 9-8
Data Pump Export 9-9
Data Pump Import 9-11
DIRECTORY Objects 9-13
SQL*Loader 9-14
The SQL*Loader Control File 9-16
Control File Syntax Considerations 9-19
Input Data and Data Files 9-20
Loading Methods 9-23
Comparing Direct and Conventional Path Loads 9-25
Loading Data with SQL*Loader 9-27
Summary 9-29
Practice 9: Using Data Pump Export and Import 9-30
10 PL/SQL
Objectives 10-2
PL/SQL 10-3
Administering PL/SQL Objects 10-4
PL/SQL Objects 10-5
Functions 10-6
Procedures 10-7
Packages 10-8
Package Body 10-9
Built-In Packages 10-11
Triggers 10-12
PL/SQL Configuration Options 10-14
Summary 10-15
Practice Overview 10-16
v
11 Oracle Database Security
Objectives 11-2
Database Security 11-3
Apply the Principle of Least Privilege 11-5
Protect the Data Dictionary 11-6
Revoke Unnecessary Privileges from PUBLIC 11-7
Restrict the Operating System Directories Accessible by the User 11-9
Limit Users with Administrative Privileges 11-10
Disable Remote Operating System Authentication 11-11
Manage Default User Accounts 11-12
Implement Standard Password Security Features 11-13
Password Account Locking 11-14
Password Expiration and Aging 11-15
Password History 11-16
Password Verification 11-17
Supplied Password Verification Function: VERIFY_FUNCTION 11-18
Creating a Password Profile 11-19
Assigning Users to a Password Profile 11-20
Monitoring for Suspicious Activity 11-21
Audit Tool Comparisons 11-22
Standard Database Auditing 11-23
Specifying Audit Options 11-24
Viewing Auditing Options 11-26
Standard Database Auditing 11-27
Viewing Auditing Results 11-28
Value-Based Auditing 11-29
Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) 11-31
FGA Policy 11-32
DBMS_FGA Package 11-34
Enabling and Disabling an FGA Policy 11-35
Dropping an FGA Policy 11-36
Triggering Audit Events 11-37
Data Dictionary Views 11-38
DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL 11-39
FGA Guidelines 11-41
Auditing SYSDBA and SYSOPER Users 11-43
Security Updates 11-44
Summary 11-45
Practice 11-1 Overview: Database Security (Part 1) 11-46
Practice 11-2 Overview: Database Security (Part 2) 11-49
vi
12 Oracle Net Services
Objectives 12-2
Oracle Net Services 12-3
Oracle Net Listener 12-4
Monitoring the Listener 12-5
Creating a Listener 12-6
Listening Addresses 12-7
Configuring Optional Parameters 12-8
Static Database Registration 12-9
Listener Control Utility 12-10
Listener Control Utility Syntax 12-11
Monitoring with Listener Control 12-13
Oracle Net Connections 12-15
Names Resolution 12-16
Easy Connect 12-17
Local Naming 12-18
Directory Naming 12-19
Configuring Service Aliases 12-20
Advanced Connection Options 12-21
Oracle Net Manager 12-23
Choosing Naming Methods 12-24
Configuring Service Aliases with Net Manager 12-25
Advanced Connection Options Using Oracle Net Manager 12-26
Testing Oracle Net Connectivity 12-27
Summary 12-28
Practice 12 Overview: Oracle Net Services 12-29
13 Oracle Shared Servers
Objectives 13-2
Establishing a Connection 13-3
Dedicated Server Process 13-4
User Sessions 13-5
User Sessions: Dedicated Server 13-6
User Sessions: Shared Server 13-7
Processing a Request 13-8
The SGA and PGA 13-9
Configuring Oracle Shared Server 13-10
DISPATCHERS 13-11
SHARED_SERVERS 13-13
MAX_SHARED_SERVERS 13-14
CIRCUITS 13-15
SHARED_SERVER_SESSIONS 13-16
Related Parameters 13-17
1 Introduction
Objectives 1-2
Course Objectives 1-3
Oracle Products 1-4
Relational Database Systems 1-5
How the Data Is Organized 1-6
Integrity Constraints 1-7
Structured Query Language 1-8
Tasks of an Oracle Database Administrator 1-9
Summary 1-10
2 Installing Oracle Database 10g Software
Objectives 2-2
System Requirements 2-3
Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 2-4
Using Optimal Flexible Architecture 2-5
Setting Environment Variables 2-7
Preinstallation Checks 2-9
Oracle Universal Installer 2-10
Inventory and UNIX Group Name 2-11
orainstRoot.sh 2-12
File Locations 2-14
Install Type 2-15
Prerequisite Checks 2-16
Starter Database 2-17
Configuration and Management 2-18
File Storage and Backup Recovery 2-19
Passwords and Summary 2-20
Installation 2-21
Configuration Assistants 2-22
Summary 2-24
Practice 2: Installing the Oracle Software 2-25
3 Creating an Oracle Database
Objectives 3-2
Database Architecture 3-3
Exploring the Storage Structure 3-4
Control Files 3-5
Redo Log Files 3-6
Tablespaces and Datafiles 3-7
Segments, Extents, and Blocks 3-8
i
Oracle Instance Management 3-9
Oracle Memory Structures 3-10
Oracle Processes 3-12
Data Dictionary 3-13
Database Control 3-14
Grid Control 3-15
Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) Overview 3-16
Creating a Database 3-17
Database Identification 3-18
Management Options 3-19
Passwords and Storage 3-20
File Locations and Backup Recovery 3-21
File Location Variables 3-22
Content and Initialization Parameters 3-23
Database Storage 3-25
Creation Options and Create 3-26
Other Actions with DBCA 3-27
Summary 3-28
Practice 3: Creating an Oracle Database 3-29
4 Database Interfaces
Objectives 4-2
What Is SQL? 4-3
Using SQL 4-4
Enterprise Manager: Seeing the SQL 4-5
What Is SQL*Plus? 4-6
What Is iSQL*Plus? 4-7
Using iSQL*Plus 4-9
Describing Data 4-10
Querying Data 4-11
Sorting the Data 4-12
Joining Tables 4-13
Manipulating Data 4-15
Defining Data 4-16
Overview of Transactions 4-17
Transaction Control Statements 4-18
Locking Data 4-19
Other Statement Categories 4-20
What Is PL/SQL? 4-21
Example PL/SQL Block 4-22
Uses of PL/SQL 4-23
What Is Java? 4-24
Oracle and Java 4-25
ii
What Is OCI? 4-26
Other APIs 4-27
Summary 4-29
Practice 4: Using SQL 4-30
5 Controlling the Database
Objectives 5-2
Starting and Stopping iSQL*Plus 5-3
Management Framework 5-4
Starting and Stopping Database Control 5-5
Accessing Database Control 5-6
SYSOPER and SYSDBA 5-7
Database Home Page 5-8
Changing the Listener Status 5-9
Startup and Shutdown 5-10
Starting Up a Database NOMOUNT 5-11
Starting Up a Database MOUNT 5-12
Starting Up a Database OPEN 5-13
Shutting Down the Database 5-14
SHUTDOWN Options 5-15
Initialization Parameter Files 5-18
Viewing Initialization Parameters 5-19
Viewing the Alert Log 5-20
Summary 5-21
Practice 5: Controlling the Database 5-22
6 Storage Structures
Objectives 6-2
Tablespaces and Data Files 6-3
Space Management in Tablespaces 6-4
Creating a New Tablespace 6-5
Storage for Locally Managed Tablespaces 6-7
Tablespaces in the Preconfigured Database 6-9
Altering a Tablespace 6-11
Actions with Tablespaces 6-13
Dropping Tablespaces 6-15
Viewing Tablespace Information 6-16
Summary 6-17
Practice 6: Working with Tablespaces 6-18
iii
7 Administering Users
Objectives 7-2
Database User Accounts 7-3
Creating a User 7-4
Profiles and Users 7-5
Authenticating Users 7-7
Default and Temporary Tablespaces and Locking 7-9
Database Users and Schemas 7-10
Checklist for Creating Users 7-11
Privileges 7-12
System Privileges 7-13
Object Privileges 7-15
Assigning Quota to Users 7-16
Assigning Roles to Users 7-17
Roles 7-18
Benefits of Roles 7-19
Predefined Roles 7-20
Secure Roles 7-21
Summary 7-22
Practice 7: Administering Users 7-23
8 Managing Schema Objects
Objectives 8-2
What Is a Schema? 8-3
Schemas 8-4
Accessing Schema Objects 8-6
Naming Database Objects 8-7
Schema Object Namespaces 8-9
Specifying Data Types in Tables 8-10
Other Data Types 8-11
Creating and Modifying Tables 8-13
Understanding Data Integrity 8-15
Defining Constraints 8-17
Viewing the Attributes of a Table 8-18
Viewing the Contents of a Table 8-19
Actions with Tables 8-20
Creating Indexes 8-22
What Is a View? 8-23
Creating Views 8-24
iv
What Is a Sequence? 8-25
Using a Sequence 8-27
Summary 8-28
Practice 8: Working with Tables 8-29
9 Managing Data
Objectives 9-2
Manipulating Data Through SQL 9-3
The INSERT Command 9-4
The UPDATE Command 9-5
The DELETE Command 9-6
The COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands 9-7
Integrity Constraints and DML 9-8
Data Pump Export 9-9
Data Pump Import 9-11
DIRECTORY Objects 9-13
SQL*Loader 9-14
The SQL*Loader Control File 9-16
Control File Syntax Considerations 9-19
Input Data and Data Files 9-20
Loading Methods 9-23
Comparing Direct and Conventional Path Loads 9-25
Loading Data with SQL*Loader 9-27
Summary 9-29
Practice 9: Using Data Pump Export and Import 9-30
10 PL/SQL
Objectives 10-2
PL/SQL 10-3
Administering PL/SQL Objects 10-4
PL/SQL Objects 10-5
Functions 10-6
Procedures 10-7
Packages 10-8
Package Body 10-9
Built-In Packages 10-11
Triggers 10-12
PL/SQL Configuration Options 10-14
Summary 10-15
Practice Overview 10-16
v
11 Oracle Database Security
Objectives 11-2
Database Security 11-3
Apply the Principle of Least Privilege 11-5
Protect the Data Dictionary 11-6
Revoke Unnecessary Privileges from PUBLIC 11-7
Restrict the Operating System Directories Accessible by the User 11-9
Limit Users with Administrative Privileges 11-10
Disable Remote Operating System Authentication 11-11
Manage Default User Accounts 11-12
Implement Standard Password Security Features 11-13
Password Account Locking 11-14
Password Expiration and Aging 11-15
Password History 11-16
Password Verification 11-17
Supplied Password Verification Function: VERIFY_FUNCTION 11-18
Creating a Password Profile 11-19
Assigning Users to a Password Profile 11-20
Monitoring for Suspicious Activity 11-21
Audit Tool Comparisons 11-22
Standard Database Auditing 11-23
Specifying Audit Options 11-24
Viewing Auditing Options 11-26
Standard Database Auditing 11-27
Viewing Auditing Results 11-28
Value-Based Auditing 11-29
Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) 11-31
FGA Policy 11-32
DBMS_FGA Package 11-34
Enabling and Disabling an FGA Policy 11-35
Dropping an FGA Policy 11-36
Triggering Audit Events 11-37
Data Dictionary Views 11-38
DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL 11-39
FGA Guidelines 11-41
Auditing SYSDBA and SYSOPER Users 11-43
Security Updates 11-44
Summary 11-45
Practice 11-1 Overview: Database Security (Part 1) 11-46
Practice 11-2 Overview: Database Security (Part 2) 11-49
vi
12 Oracle Net Services
Objectives 12-2
Oracle Net Services 12-3
Oracle Net Listener 12-4
Monitoring the Listener 12-5
Creating a Listener 12-6
Listening Addresses 12-7
Configuring Optional Parameters 12-8
Static Database Registration 12-9
Listener Control Utility 12-10
Listener Control Utility Syntax 12-11
Monitoring with Listener Control 12-13
Oracle Net Connections 12-15
Names Resolution 12-16
Easy Connect 12-17
Local Naming 12-18
Directory Naming 12-19
Configuring Service Aliases 12-20
Advanced Connection Options 12-21
Oracle Net Manager 12-23
Choosing Naming Methods 12-24
Configuring Service Aliases with Net Manager 12-25
Advanced Connection Options Using Oracle Net Manager 12-26
Testing Oracle Net Connectivity 12-27
Summary 12-28
Practice 12 Overview: Oracle Net Services 12-29
13 Oracle Shared Servers
Objectives 13-2
Establishing a Connection 13-3
Dedicated Server Process 13-4
User Sessions 13-5
User Sessions: Dedicated Server 13-6
User Sessions: Shared Server 13-7
Processing a Request 13-8
The SGA and PGA 13-9
Configuring Oracle Shared Server 13-10
DISPATCHERS 13-11
SHARED_SERVERS 13-13
MAX_SHARED_SERVERS 13-14
CIRCUITS 13-15
SHARED_SERVER_SESSIONS 13-16
Related Parameters 13-17
2010-10-19
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